1. Introduction Economic activity is affected by interest and activist groups through two mechanisms. One is through public politics, in which groups attempt to in uence public ofŽceholders to the beneŽt of the groups themselves or those whom they support. The other is through private politics, in which interest and activist groups attempt to in uence economic activity directly without reliance on public institutions or ofŽceholders. This paper provides a …showed first 75 words of 10641 total…

…showed last 75 words of 10641 total…the nonmarket arena is generally allowed by the law under the Noerr-Pennington doctrine, although its application in the case of individual as opposed to collective boycotts is not clear. 32 Journal of Economics & Management Strategy The more intense nonmarket competition by the activist and the industry, however, leaves the probability c of a successful boycott unchanged; i.e., c ¸b ¸b f 1 f 2 c . (32) The equilibrium probability of